Passive Voice
Jika lembaga ETS (Educational Testing Service) di Amerika
telah menggagas TOEFL (Test Of English as Foreign Language) berdasarkan
pengalaman berbilang tahun mereka dalam menentukan
prasyarat kebahasaan apa yang dibutuhkan para pelajar dari negara lain yang menuntut ilmu dan hidup berbaur dengan
orang-orang Amerika, saya, berdasarkan pengalaman empirik mengajar, membuat
satu metode khusus pengajaran bahasa Inggris standarTOEFL yang didesain khusus
baik bagi para peminat bahasa Inggris pemula maupun lanjut. Salah satu aspek
yang perlu dipelajari dalam mempersiapkan Test TOEFL adalah Bentuk Kalimat,
pada kesempatan ini akan membahas Kalimat Passive dan contoh soal dalam test
TOEFL yang menggunakan Kalimat Passive sebagai Problemnya.
Passive - Use
We only use the passive when we are interested in the object or
when we do not know who caused the action.
Example: Appointments are required in
such cases.
We can only form a passive sentence from an active sentence when
there is an object in the active sentence.
Form
to be + past
participle
How to form a passive sentence when an active sentence is given:
- object of the "active" sentence becomes subject in the "passive" sentence
- subject of the "active" sentence becomes "object" in the "passive" sentence" (or is left out)
- object of the "active" sentence becomes subject in the "passive" sentence
- subject of the "active" sentence becomes "object" in the "passive" sentence" (or is left out)
Active:
|
Peter
|
builds
|
a
house.
|
Passive:
|
A
house
|
is
built
|
by
Peter.
|
Examples
Active
|
Peter
|
builds
|
a house.
|
Simple
Present
|
Passive:
|
A house
|
is built
|
by Peter.
|
|
Active:
|
Peter
|
built
|
a house.
|
Simple
Past
|
Passive:
|
A house
|
was built
|
by Peter.
|
|
Active:
|
Peter
|
has built
|
a house.
|
Present
Perfect
|
Passive:
|
A house
|
has been
built
|
by Peter.
|
|
Active:
|
Peter
|
will build
|
a house.
|
will-future
|
Passive:
|
A house
|
will be
built
|
by Peter.
|
|
Active:
|
Peter
|
can build
|
a house.
|
Modals
|
Passive:
|
A house
|
can be
built
|
by Peter.
|
|
We have listed active and passive forms in the following table.
We used the phrase I drive and have put this phrase into most common tenses.
We used the phrase I drive and have put this phrase into most common tenses.
Active (Simple Forms) |
|
Simple
Present
|
I drive
|
Simple
Past
|
I drove
|
Present
Perfect
|
I have
driven
|
Past
Perfect
|
I had
driven
|
will-future
|
I will
drive
|
Future
Perfect
|
I will
have driven
|
Conditional
I
|
I would
drive
|
Conditional
II
|
I would
have driven
|
Active (Progressive/Continuous Forms)
|
|
Simple
Present
|
I am
driving
|
Simple
Past
|
I was
driving
|
Present
Perfect
|
I have
been driving
|
Past Perfect
|
I had been
driving
|
will-future
|
I will be
driving
|
Future
Perfect
|
I will
have been driving
|
Conditional
I
|
I would be
driving
|
Conditional
II
|
I would
have been driving
|
Passive (Simple Forms)
|
|
Simple
Present
|
I am
driven
|
Simple
Past
|
I was
driven
|
Present
Perfect
|
I have
been driven
|
Past
Perfect
|
I had been
driven
|
will-future
|
I will be
driven
|
Future
Perfect
|
I will
have been driven
|
Conditional
I
|
I would be
driven
|
Conditional
II
|
I would
have been driven
|
Passive (Progressive/Continuous Forms)
|
|
Present
|
I am being
driven
|
Past
|
I was
being driven
|
Present
Perfect ¹
|
I have
been being driven
|
Past
Perfect ¹
|
I had been
being driven
|
Future ¹
|
I will be
being driven
|
Future
Perfect ¹
|
I will
have been being driven
|
Conditional
I ¹
|
I would be
being driven
|
Conditional
II ¹
|
I would
have been being driven
|
¹ Tenses which are rarely used in everyday conversation.
Here you will find some examples of how to form the passive
depending on the tense.
tense
|
active
|
passive
|
Simple Present
|
Peter builds a house.
|
A house is built by Peter.
|
Simple Past
|
Peter built a house.
|
A house was built by Peter.
|
Present Perfect
|
Peter has built a house.
|
A house has been built by Peter.
|
Past Perfect
|
Peter had built a house.
|
A house had been built by Peter.
|
will-future
|
Peter will build a house.
|
A house will be built by Peter.
|
going to-future
|
Peter is going to build a house in summer.
|
A house is going to be built in summer by Peter.
|
Passive sentences with by
We are normally not interested in the "doer" of an
action in a passive sentence. When we want to mention the "doer", we
use the preposition by. The whole phrase is called by-agent in English.
Active sentence
|
Passive sentence
|
Mr. Brown built the house.
|
The house was built by Mr. Brown.
|
When we do not know, who was the
"doer" of the action, we use someone
or somebody in the active sentence. We leave
out these words in the passive sentence.
Active sentence
|
Passive sentence
|
Someone stole
my bike.
|
My bike was stolen.
|
Active sentences with two objects
in passive
When there are two objects in an active sentence, there are two possible active sentences and two
possible passive sentences.possibility 1: The professor explained the students the exercise.
possibility 2: The professor explained the exercise to the students.
There are two objects in each of the following sentences:
object 1 = indirect object: the students
object 2 = direct object: the exercise
An indirect object is very often a person, a direct object a
thing. When a direct object is followed by an indirect one, we put to in front of the indirect object.
active sentence - possibility 1
|
|||
subject
|
verb
|
indirect
object
|
direct
object
|
The
professor
|
explained
|
the students
|
the
exercise.
|
active sentence - possibility 2
|
|||
subject
|
verb
|
direct
object
|
indirect
object
|
The
professor
|
explained
|
the
exercise
|
to the students.
|
Each of the objects (direct and indirect) can be the subject in
the passive sentence.
passive
sentence - possibility 1
|
|||
subject
|
verb
|
object
|
(by-agent)
|
The
students
|
were explained
|
the
exercise.
|
(by the
professor).
|
passive sentence - possibility 2
|
|||
subject
|
verb
|
object
|
(by-agent)
|
The
exercise
|
was
explained
|
to the students
|
(by the
professor).
|
Possibility 1 is sometimes called
1) Personal Passive
When we put an object of an active sentence into passive, it becomes
subject of the passive sentence.Active voice:
The professor explained the students the exercise.
The professor explained the exercise to the students.
Passive voice:
The students were explained the exercise.
The exercise was explained to the students.
We sometimes use a pronoun for "the students" or "the exercise" in its subject form
(here: they/it).
Passive voice:
They were explained the exercise.
It was explained to the students.
We very often leave out the by-agent in the passive sentence (here: by the professor).
2) Impersonal Passive - It is
said ...
The phrase It
is said ... is an impersonal passive construction. We often use it in
news.Passive sentence - version 1:
It is said that children are afraid of ghosts.
Passive sentence - version 2:
Children are said to be afraid of ghosts.
The correct active sentence would be:
Active sentence: People say that children are afraid of ghosts.
Verbs with prepositions in
passive
When we put an active sentence,
where a preposition follows after the verb (e.g. break into, look after), into
passive - the preposition remains immediately after the verb.
Active
sentence
|
Passive sentence
|
Someone broke into the
pet shop.
|
The pet
shop was broken into.
|
Problems of
Passive Voice in TOEFL test
Directions: In questions 16-40 each sentence has four underlined
words or phrases. The four underline parts of the sentence are marked (A), (B),
(C), and (D). Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed
in order for the sentence to be correct. Then, on your answer sheet, find the
number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter or
the answer you have chosen.
1. The
earliest successful sewing machines were powered by turn
and hard crank.
A
B C D
2. Different
fourteen crops were being grown 8,600
years ago by some of the
A B C
World’s earliest farmers.
D
3.
For years, elephants were hunted for food and
ivory, and as a result theirs numbers
A B C
have been greatly reduced.
D
4.
After
the security guard's performance was evaluated, management decides
to dismiss
A A B C
A A B C
her and asked her to turn in her
uniform.
D
5.
George
Washington, the nation's first President, catches a cold while
riding, was bled
A B C
A B C
profusely, and died shortly thereafter.
D
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